The Neo-Liberal Urban Development Paradigm and Civil Society Responses in Karachi, Pakistan

Appendix 1 -Names of Researchers and Titles of the Report

• Beijing: Alexander Andre, Yutaka Hirako, Lundrup Dorje and Pimpim de Azevado (2004), Beijing Historic Case Study;
• Pune: Bapat Meera (2004), Understanding Asian Cities: The Case of Pune;
• Chiang Mai: Charoenmuang, Duongchan, Apavatjurt Tanet Charoenmuang, Wilairat Siampakdee, Siriporn Wangwanapat and Nattawoot Pimsawan (2004), Understanding Asian Cities: The Case of Chiang Mai;
• Phnom Penh: Crosbie, David (2004), Understanding Asian Cities: Phnom Penh, Cambodia;
• Karachi: Hasan Arif and Asiya Sadiq (2004), Understanding Asian Cities: The Case of Karachi;
• Muntinlupa: Karaos, Anna Marie and Charito Tordecilla (2004), Understanding Asian Cities: The Case of Manila, Philippines;
• Hanoi: Thi Thu Huong, Nguyen (2004), Understanding Asian Cities: The Case of Quynh Mai Ward, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi, Vietnam;
• Surabaya: Johan Silas, Andon, Hasian and Wahyu, the Laboratory for Housing and Human Settlements, ITS, Surabaya (2004), Surabaya and People’s Role;

Appendix – 2 – Understanding Asian Cities Research: Possible Directions (June 30, 2003)

1. OBJECTIVES
   1. To understand the process of socio-economic, physical and institutional change in Asian cities, the actors involved in it and its effect on disadvantaged communities and interest groups.
   2. To identify/understand civil society and/or community movements and their role in the process of change.
   3. To help the NGO, CBO, ACHR partners/ACHR in taking a position on national and international forums on housing rights and development issues.
   4. To support in eight cities a group that monitors the city/continuous learning.
2. RESEARCH OUTLINE
   1. Demography/Census Data
      1. Trends established by comparing two or three census:
         1. Population (Male/Female) – Sex age pyramid analysis
         2. Married/divorced population – Different age groups (Male/Female)
         3. Literacy/educational attainment – Different age groups (Male/Female)
         4. Source of information (if TV is satellite/cable available)
         5. Telephones per 1,000 population
         6. Employment – Different age groups (Male/Female) & Formal-informal/categories
      2. Trends established by comparing two or three housing census or any other secondary data over different periods:
         1. Nature of housing stock/congestion indicators (Persons per room/ rooms per person)
         2. Availability of physical infrastructure (Electricity, water, sewage, drainage, road paving, gas)
         3. Tenure security / squatter households (total and percentage)
      3. Select two settlements: One consolidated and one comparatively new and through a survey of 100 houses in each settlement develop data for:
         1. Incomes
         2. Employment
         3. Mode of transport and cost to and from work
         4. Literacy
         5. Source of information
         6. Security of tenure
         7. Nature of housing stock and how the houses were built
         8. Availability of infrastructure
         9. Effect on respondents dire to environmental city level degradation (Noise, air, solid waste, water, sewage disposal, bad transport)
      4. Identify and establish contacts with organisations dealing with above issues and acquire their literature
      5. Conclusions (conclusions for all sections can be established through in-house discussions/ workshops)
   2. Poverty Profiles and Funds
      1. Profiles:
         1. Most countries/cities now have poverty profiles. These could be reproduced/ definition of poverty.
         2. Causes and repercussions of the indicators of poverty (you could conduct a workshop or discussion to reach conclusions).
      2. Poverty alleviation funds (most countries have them now) or other similar funds:
         1. Scale of the funds
         2. Source of the funds
         3. Institutional arrangement for the funds/functions
         4. Utilisation so far/achievements
         5. A critical analysis
      3. The debt situation:
         1. The nature, scale and repayment of debt over three different periods in the last 20 years
            1. What has it been utilised for so far?
      4. Conclusions
      5. Identify relevant persons/organisations and acquire all relevant literature.
   3. The Institutional Set-up
      1. Descriptive: from secondary sources, personal knowledge
         1. The structure of local government and planning institutions and their relationship with each other. A critical analysis
         2. How plans are made, decisions taken regarding them, implemented and financed. Examples would be welcome.
      2. Case study comparison of process, costs and effects (social and political) between an
         1. IFI funded infrastructure project
         2. A local government funded project
         3. A community project and the reasons for the differences
      3. Decentralisation:
         1. The new decentralised system: a description
         2. Weaknesses, strengths and potential
      4. Conclusions
      5. Identify persons/organisations and acquire all relevant literature.
   4. The Physical City (secondary data, observations, in-depth interviews)
      1. Physical growth over time (maps of three different decades):
         1. Establish trends related to land use, housing, informal settlements, formal and informal industry and commercial activity.
         2. Some understanding of environmental issues and their causes related to noise and air pollution, sewage and waste water disposal and solid waste management systems.
         3. Location of environmentally degrading activity and the reasons for those locations
            1. Cars, motorcycles, public transport seats (total and per 1,000 population)
            2. The effect of the above on poor communities.
         4. Does your city have a development/master plan? If yes,
            1. What are the salient features?
            2. How is it different from previous plans?
            3. Who is funding it and/or providing technical support?
            4. Which local interest groups/academic institutions are involved in it?
            5. Are there any “poor poor” elements in it?
            6. What are the problems in implementing the plan? Identification and discussion
         5. Who owns land in your city and the scale of ownership?
            1. Government institutions
            2. Private sector
            3. Individually
            4. Others
         6. Three important development projects over the last two decades
            1. Description and justification
            2. Cost and source of funding
            3. Was there any opposition to the projects? If so, why and by whom and what happened?
            4. Benefits and/or disadvantages for the poorer populations
            5. Were their alternatives? If so, what and what were their advantages?
         7. Three important projects being currently planned or executed
            1. Description and justification
            2. Cost and source of funding
            3. Was there any opposition to the projects? If so, why and by whom and what happened?
            4. Benefits and/or disadvantages for the poorer populations
            5. Were their alternatives? If so, what and what were their advantages?
         8. Identify (or in your opinion) three major physical initiatives that would benefit the urban poor in your city. Can you give an approximate cost?
         9. Establish links with relevant organisations and acquire all relevant documents, plans, reports.
         10. Conclusions
   5. Housing Policies and Programmes
      1. The demand-supply gap:
         1. In three different periods over the last 25 years.
         2. How is it taken care of?
      2. Informal/squatter settlements:
         1. Scale in three different periods over the last 25 years
         2. Indication of change of locations of development
         3. The relocation issue: scale in three different periods over the last 25 years in real and percentage terms
         4. Evictions: scale over different periods and reasons for the evictions
         5. Laws and procedures related to evictions and relocation (de-facto and de-jure)
      3. Government housing policies:
         1. Current policies: What are they?
         2. How do they differ from previous policies?
         3. Their relevance to poor communities
         4. A critical analysis from the point of view of disadvantaged groups
      4. The issue of built-heritage
      5. Conclusions
      6. Identify relevant agencies and individuals and acquire all relevant literature on the subject.
   6. Civil Society Organisations
      1. A critical analysis of different types (including interest groups based on trades such as hawkers, shopkeepers, transporters’ organisations)
      2. Strengths, weaknesses, constraints
      3. Nature of support/networking required to strengthen them
      4. Conclusions
      5. Identify persons, acquire all relevant literature
   7. The Impact of Globalisation (and its culture) and Structural Adjustment
      1. Observations (also secondary sources):
         1. On the younger generation
         2. The changes in the cityscape, landuse patterns, entertainment and social relationships
         3. The role of IT, satellite TV, pop culture
         4. The effect of a gap between aspirations and means (crime?)
         5. The extended family under stress and its repercussions
      2. The economic impact (secondary sources):
         1. Privatisation of water/sewage, solid waste, education, health
         2. Cutbacks in public spending on social sectors
         3. Effect on employment and its causes and repercussions
         4. The increase in cost of urban utilities and its repercussions
      3. Case studies to illustrate the above? Suggestions welcome
      4. Conclusions
      5. Acquire all relevant literature, identify organisations and individuals
   8. Conclusions